Medium Fidelity Prototype Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Medium Fidelity Prototype - Assignment Example The primary goal of this interactive user interface design is to create a user friendly system that is easy to use by any registered voter. Just like using cash machines (ATM), the voters will simply be required to have an electronic voting card before thy can log into the system and vote. Generally the central principals of adopting the new e voting prototype will be to present all the potential voters with a equal right to participate in a secure, free and fair elections. The first step of the electronic voting process will involve proof of the identity of the voters by the election officials in present in each electronic voting terminal. Consequently the voter will be required to present identity documents to the relevant election officials at the designated polling station. After verification, the election officials will then provide the voter with an electronic voting card. The pictures of the candidates and their assigned voting numbers will appear on the screen as shown in the diagram below. The dynamic user interface will be integrated with a number of interactive features such as drop down menus to allow voters scroll down the list of candidates and select their preferred one. After successfully entering the number of your preferred candidate and pressing OK, the information of the selected candidate will appear on the screen and the voter will be able to confirm whether they have voted for the correct candidate. A message indicating that the voting process is complete! Will appear on the screen and the voter will be prompted to remove the voting card and take it back to the election officials. In the case where you have entered an incorrect number, press clear and enter again. However if you enter a voting number that does not belong to any of the candidates on the list, an error message will appear on the screen and to continue, the voter

Introduction to Organizational Politics Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Organizational Politics Essay This piece consists heavily of quotations from and adaptations of material from several sources (see references at the end). There still may be some unreferenced quotations because I have lost track of their genesis over many years of moving content through various notes. I dont claim originality, other than the choice and organizing of material Rex Mitchell. Pfeffer (1992, p. 30) defined politics as the processes, the actions, the behaviors through which potential power is utilized and realized. Another author (Dubrin, 2001 , p. 92) defined organizational politics as informal approaches to gaining power through means other than merit or luck. It could be argued that politics are used primarily to achieve power, either directly or indirectly, e. g. , by being promoted, receiving a larger budget or other resources, or gaining desirable assignments. Many people regard organizational politics as something negative (e. g. , pursuing selflnterests at the expense of others) and something to be minimized. Consequently, although most people know that organizational politics are common, they avoid saying so when it concerns one=s own ehavior. It is more common to talk about politics when complaining about a loss to a friend than it is in the context of ones own political maneuvering. When we win on an issue, we call it leadership; when we lose, we call it politics. In many organizations, politics is a taboo subject, which makes it difficult for individuals to deal with this crucially important aspect of organizational reality. I believe a leader must skillfully use organizational politics to acquire and retain power and to accomplish major goals. Therefore, it would be a mistake to pretend that politics does not exist or to antasize that a leader can be effective without appropriate (and ethical, I would add) use of politics. As Pericles wrote over 2500 years ago, Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesnt mean politics wont take an interest in you. I regard organizational politics as neither good nor bad, per se, although it is important for us to distinguish between ethical and unethical political behavior.

Displaying the Confederate Flag :: Racism Confederate Flag Symbolism Essays

Displaying the Confederate Flag Ever since I first moved here, I have always wanted to know why so many people from this area go out of their way to display a symbol that is regarded by many others as a symbol of hate. I see it everywhere I go—on clothes, backpacks, license plates, and even in yards. The confederate battle flag is flaunted by many in this area, and I think that we can all attest to this. Why do so many people display this flag on an everyday basis, and who exactly are these people? What does the flag’s glorification say about these people, and how do they want to be thought of by displaying this symbol? Finally, I would like to better determine what the flag means to me and to other people of the area who do not exhibit the flag. The first step in understanding this cultural phenomenon is to determine who exactly is responsible for creating it. It is pretty obvious who these people are. Have you ever seen a plain confederate battle flag shown off by an African American, Hispanic, Asian, or any other non-whites? I would bet my life savings that over half of the flag pushers are people who have never lived in a racially diverse area or a large metropolitan location, as this symbol is not tolerated in these types of areas. In addition, I think it is safe to say that many of these people come from the more rural, conservative areas of the country. All in all, however, the flag’s promoters are essentially the white people who choose to display it. I have come to the conclusion that these people display this flag for a number of different reasons. There are some people out there who actually use the flag as a representation of being from the south. Unfortunately, I think this belief is more often utilized as an excuse for displaying a symbol of racial intolerance than as a hometown indicator. The Ku Klux Klan, which houses its capital in nearby Harrison, has used the flag for years as a sign of white supremacy. Is it just a coincidence that many other whites from surrounding areas so proudly display the symbol as well? I wonder why the supposed non-racist southerners decided to use the same particular flag instead of the many other symbols that can be used to show southern pride.

Sharecropping

I wanted to learn more about it. I realized that most freedmen could earn a better living for themselves and family by sharecropping. After slavery ended many of them had no money, food, or shelter to support them. Also I thought about how much America has changed, since the industrial revolution. I don't know anyone who does agricultural work anymore, but I know there are still a few. Most of the work that is needed to be done now for agricultural work has been taken over by machines.Antonio Vivaldi, George Frederic Handel, and Johann Sebastian Bach were all great music composers. Although they're all are quite famous, Vivaldi was one of the greatest. There are some differences between the composers that make them all unique. Vivaldi played the violin while Handel and Bach both played the organ. Vivaldi and Handel both are Italian and Bach is German. This source of different backgrounds is what makes their music style different.Vivaldi grew up being a part f the priesthood, and Bac h grew up not having very many people like him because of the way he saw things. Handel combined the Italian style with a unique French melody and created his own kind of music. Although there are many differences between these composers, they all were not famous during the time they were alive. Bach and Vivaldi were known more as a performer rather than as a composer because of the way they performed. All of these composers produced a style of their own, In a way to please and slut there audience.

Investment Management

24/02/2013 1 25721 INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT Lecturers: Sean Anthonisz Nadima El-Hassan Jianxin Wang Brandon Zhu Subject Coordinator: Jianxin Wang Objectives 2 ? ? ? ? Why do you take this subject? What do you expect to learn? How much did you pay for this subject? Is this a good investment? Investment Decisions 3 ? ? How much should I invest in risky assets? How much should I invest in different risky assets? ? ? How many risky assets should I hold? When not to diversify? ? How to determine mispricing? Fair value today? Expected return next year? ? How well do asset pricing models work? ? ? 1 24/02/2013Investment Decisions 4 ? Passive versus active investing ? ? Is market efficient? Why not? What does it take to beat the market? How to hedge and how much to hedge? Derivative pricing Trading cost, liquidity, private information ? How should I manage risk? ? ? ? How should I trade? ? ? Sources of my performance? What Do We Learn in This Subject? 5 ? ? ? ? A theoretical framework for portf olio construction. A theoretical framework for the pricing of equities and bonds. Some practical applications of asset pricing models and portfolio analysis. Issues relating to market efficiency and investor behaviour.Course Structure 6 Funds Management Information Portfolio Theory Risk and Return Markets and Investing CAPM Factor Models & APT Options Fixed Income Equities Futures 2 24/02/2013 Investment Electives 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? 25705 Financial Modelling and Forecasting 25728 Bond Portfolio Management 25729 Applied Portfolio Management 24731 International Finance 25762 Synthetic Financial Products A whole range of subjects for Quant Fin majors: technical analysis, numerical analysis, fin econometrics, stat methods, derivative pricing, interest rate modelling. Prerequisite 8 ? ? 25742 Financial Management Basic math and statisticsBasic calculus and optimization Probability and distributions ? Mean, variance, standard deviation, covariance ? Linear regression by ordinary least square ( OLS) ? ? ? Read the online Quantitative Review ? A very brief review next week What Is Expected – in class 9 ? Lectures are primarily aimed at Identifying and explaining key concepts and issues Highlighting the links to practice ? Completing selected problems from text ? ? ? Questions are encouraged and rewarded. ? Discussion is better than lecture Mutual respect and encouragement; Potential problems: repeated late arrivals, chatting during lecture, academic honesty Code of behavior ? ? 3 24/02/2013 What Is Expected – outside class 10 ? Address some details within the course reading materials. ? Group study is more effective ? ? Workload is about 7-8 hours per week on average (albeit uneven), including course readings, practices, and assignments. Multiple learning channels: ? ? Multiple levels of learning: ? Web-based learning support Lecture material, textbook, and Excel sheets Approach to Learning 11 ? ? ? Read relevant chapters prior to lectures Attempt to identify and understand the key messages: Concepts? Issues? Connections?Ask questions during lecture. ? You paid $$$ for the opportunity ? ? Think & reflect; don’t just summarize & memorize. Practice using back-of-chapter questions. Approach to Learning — I listen and I forget; I see and I remember; I do and I understand. —Xun Zi Just Do It! —Nike 12 4 24/02/2013 Textbook and Readings 13 ? Bodie, Kane, Marcus, Investments, 9th Ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2011. ? You take full responsibility if using an earlier edition. ? ? ? ? Harvard Business School case study 9202-024 â€Å"Strategic Capital Management†. R.A. Haugen, Modern Investment Theory, 5th Ed, Pearson Higher Education, 2001. J. H. Cochrane, 2006, Investments Notes. Other fun books on financial markets. Assessments 14 ? Weekly online quizzes: 10 marks ? ? ? ? ? 15 MC questions in 1 hour Unlimited tries with the best mark kept Monday morning to next Wednesday midnight Once closed, quizzes cannot be re opened Best 10 marks for the semester Group-based case report Online group registration Report due 5pm Friday March 29 Late submissions carry point deduction ? Case study in lecture 6: 10 marks ? ? ? ? Assessments 15 ?Mid-session exam: 40 marks ? ? ? ? Cover lectures 1 – 6, including the case study Multiple-choice (20 marks) Short-answer questions (20 marks) No formula sheet Cover lectures 7 – 13, excluding lecture 8 Multiple-choice (20 marks) Short-answer questions (20 marks) A short list of formulas will be identified and provided during the final exam. ? Final exam: 40 marks ? ? ? ? 5 24/02/2013 Online Group Registration 16 ? ? ? ? ? ? Log in the online course website Click on â€Å"Groups† in the left panel Group names contain â€Å"1m†, â€Å"2m†, â€Å"3m†, â€Å"4m†, indicating max members = 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively.The first member is the group leader. Registration closes after 5pm on March 10. Changing group only in the most extreme circumstances. What’s Required? 17 ? ? ? Materials covered in the chapters listed in the lecture program, except certain subsections are explicitly excluded. The midsession and the final exams will focus on materials covered during lectures, with at most 3-4 multiple-choice questions in each exam on materials not covered in lectures. Materials not covered in lectures will be heavily featured in the online quizzes. Administrative Issues 8 ? Name sign: â€Å"Open† for the business of learning ? Take it out at the start of every lecture It’s good to make the lecturer know your name ? Come to consultation hours ? ? ? Other times by appointment Email for straightforward questions Complex questions are best answered through interactive discussion ? Emails will be answered before or during the next consultation hours ? 6 24/02/2013 Learning Support – Postgraduate ? ? ? ? ? Need help with your postgraduate studies at UTS Business School? Are you new to un iversity / postgraduate education?Not sure to how develop your academic skills in writing, reading, critical thinking etc.? Not sure how to complete assignments or achieve your best? Ask for help from the Learning Support Coordinator ? ? ? ? ? ? Make appointments for confidential individual help Lots of ‘online study resources’ to recommend / hardcopy study resources to share Attend the Study Skills Workshops all semester / or download them / Help by email / phone support / Email: [email  protected] edu. au www:http://www. business. uts. edu. au/teaching/student/resources/studen t-learning. tml Join us on facebook UTSBlearningsupport ? Asset Classes 20 ? ? ? ? ? ? The money market The bond market The equity market The real estate market Currency markets Derivative markets ? Financial and commodities ? Others? Trading Platforms 21 ? Organized exchanges Dealership markets Auction markets ? Electronic trading ? ? ? ? OTC – NASDAQ Alternative trading systems (ATS) ? ECNs, dark pools, internal crossings. ? Algorithm/high frequency trading 7 24/02/2013 High Frequency Trading 22 ? Menkveld (2011): a HFTer on Chi-X Dutch stocks from Jan 2007 to June 2008 Trades 1400 times per stock per day ?Gross profit per trade â‚ ¬0. 88 ? ? ? ? ? â‚ ¬1. 55 profit on the spread net of fees â‚ ¬0. 45 profit on positions < 5 seconds â‚ ¬1. 13 loss on positions >= 5 seconds Max capital committed ? â‚ ¬2 million per stock ? Implied annualized Sharpe ratio = 9. 35! ? ? Sharpe ratio for S&P500 over the period = -0. 16 ? Chi-X is in Australia. Costs of Trading 23 ? Commission: fee paid to broker for making the transaction ? Exchange members/subscribers? ? Spread: Bid and ask prices Spread: ask – bid ? P89, #14 ? Market versus limit orders ? ? ? Price impact of large tradesStock Margin Trading 24 ? ? ? ? Borrow (from brokers) to purchase shares Initial margin Maintenance margin – minimum level the equity margin can be Margin call ? Call for more equity funds ? Margin arrangements differ for stocks and derivatives 8 24/02/2013 Margin Trading – Initial Conditions 25 ? ? ? ? ? X Corp: P = $70 Initial Margin = 50% Maintenance Margin = 40% 1000 Shares Purchased Initial Position: Stock $70,000 Borrowed Equity $35,000 $35,000 Maintenance Margin 26 ? ? Stock price falls to $60 per share New Position ? $60,000=$35,000(Borrowed) + 25,000(Equity) ? Margin = $25,000/$60,000 = 41. 67% How far can the price fall before a margin call? ? ? (1000P – $35,000) / 1000P = 40% P = $58. 33 ? P88, #9 Short Sale 27 ? ? Purpose: Profit from a price fall Mechanics Borrow stock through a dealer/broker Sell it and deposit proceeds and margin in an account ? Any dividend is passed back to the lender ? Closing out the position ? ? ? ? Buy back the stock and return it to the lender Profits can be deposited into your own account ? Naked versus covered short sale 9 24/02/2013 Short Sale – Initial Conditions 28Z Corp Initial Margin Maintenance Margin Initial Price Sale Proceeds Margin Account Balance 100 Shares 50% 30% $100 $10,000 $ 5,000 $15,000 Short Sale – Maintenance Margin 29 ? Stock Price Rises to $110 Stock owed Net equity ? Margin % (4000/11000) ? ? $11,000 $ 4,000 36% ? ? How much can the stock price rise before a margin call? ($15,000 – 100P) / (100P) = 30% P = $115. 38 P89, #12 Summary 30 ? Course introduction and requirements ? Think, reflect, and participate ? ? Financial markets and assets Trading of financial assets Trading platforms Transaction costs ? Margin trading and short selling ? ? 10 Investment Management UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT FIN6310: INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET #1 PROF. ARZU OZOGUZ SPRING 2013 1. Calculate the value of the following two bonds. Assume that coupon payments are made semi-annually and that par value is $1,000 for both bonds. Coupon rate Time to maturity Yield-to-maturity Bond A 5% 5 yrs 7. 2% Bond B 5% 25 yrs 7. 2% Recalculate the bonds’ values if the yield to maturity changes to 9. 4%. Which bond is more sensitive to the changes in the yield? Will this always be the case? When the yield-to-maturity is 7. %, the bond prices are, respectively, 1 1 1. 036 0. 036 1 1. 036 0. 036 1 1. 047 0. 047 1 1. 047 0. 047 25 1000 1. 036 1000 1. 036 908. 98 1 25 746. 58 When the yield-to-maturity is 9. 4%, the bond prices are, respectively, 1 25 1000 1. 036 1000 1. 047 827. 62 1 25 579. 01 Price of bond A decreases by 8. 95%, while price of bond B drops by 22. 45%. The longer term bond is more sensitive to a given change in the dis count rate. This will always be the case. Mathematically, there are more terms in the equation for the longer-term bond that are influenced by the discount rate.Practically speaking, your money is tied up longer with a longer term bond and so you will experience greater capital losses and gains when interest rates change. 2. A bond with a coupon rate of 4. 7% is priced to yield 6. 30%. Coupon is paid is semi-annually; the par value is $1,000. The bond has 5 years remaining until maturity. Assuming that market rates stay the same over the next five years, calculate the value of the bond at the beginning of each year and the amount of change in the bond’s value from year to year. Describe the behavior of the bond’s value over time.At t = 0, at issue the price will be 1 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 1 1. 0315 0. 0315 23. 5 1000 1. 0315 932. 28 At the end of year 1, the price becomes 1 23. 5 1000 1. 0315 1000 1. 0315 1000 1. 0315 1 000 1. 0315 944. 20 1 23. 5 956. 88 1 23. 5 970. 37 1 23. 5 1000 984. 73 The price change from year to year is ? ? ? ? ? 11. 92 12. 68 13. 49 14. 36 15. 27 The bond is selling at a discount today; its price will rise to move toward par value at maturity. The change in price increases as it gets closer to maturity. 3.Suppose that you purchased a 20-year bond that pays an annual coupon of $40 and is selling at par. Calculate the one –year holding period return for each of these three cases. a. The yield-to-maturity is 5. 5% one year from now. If the yield-to-maturity is 5. 5% one year from now, the bond will be selling for 1 1 1000 1. 055 40 825. 89 1. 055 0. 055 Hence, the holding-period-return (HPR) is: 825. 89 40 1000 13. 41% 1000 b. The yield-to-maturity is the same one year from today as it is today. In this case, the bond price will remain at par and therefore the holding period return equals to coupon rate 4% c.The yield-to-maturity is 2. 5% one year from now. 1 1000 1. 025 40 1224. 68 1. 025 0. 025 Hence, the holding-period-return (HPR) is: 1224. 68 40 1000 26. 47% 1000 1 4. Plot the yield curve implied by the data in the following table. Time to maturity 3 months 6 months 1 year 2 years 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years Yield-tomaturity 2. 40% 2. 60% 3. 00% 4. 30% 4. 80% 5. 70% 6. 40% 5. 20% Based on the Expectations Hypothesis, what does the yield curve tell us about short-term rates 5 years from now? What does it tell us about short rates 15 years from now and 20 years from now?Since the yield curve is upward sloping through the fifth year, investors expect that short term rates will be higher during that period than they are today. That is, they expect the 3-month rate to be higher than 2. 4% when five years have passed. They also expect short term rates to be higher than current rates in 15 years. This is reflected in the slope of the yield curve which is positive through year 15. However, the expectation is that after 15 years, short term r ates will begin to fall again. The downward slope in the yield curve is a sign of that expectation.That is, the 3-month rate that prevails 20 years from now is expected to be lower than the 3-month rate that prevails 15 years from now. 5. The current yield curve for default free zero-coupon bonds is as follows: Maturity (years) 1 2 3 Yield-tomaturity 10% 11% 12% a. What are the implied one year forward rates? The one-year forward rate for time 2 solves the following equation: 1. 11 1. 10 1 12. 009%. Similarly, the one-year forward rate for time 3 solves That is, the equation: 1. 12 That is, 14. 0271% 1. 11 1 b. Assume that the expectations hypothesis of the term structure is correct.If market expectations are accurate, what will the yields to maturity on one year and two year zero coupon bonds be next year? We have already computed the forecast for the one year rate next year. We must now compute the expectation for the 2-years to maturity. This must equate the strategy that consist s of investing for 3 years at the current 3-year spot rate with the strategy of investing at the one-year spot rate and then rolling over the profits into a two-year bond one year from now: 1. 10 1 1. 12 13. 0136%. Hence, the forecast for the one-year yield is This implies that 12. 09%, and forecast for the two-year yield is 13. 0136%. c. If you purchase a two year zero coupon bond now, what is the expected total rate of return over the next year? What if you purchase a three year zero coupon bond? You can assume that the par value is $100. We need to compute the forecasted price of the two-year zero-coupon bond at the end of the first year. Notice that by that time this has become a one-year bond. Hence its price is 1000 1. 12009 892. 79 Today the price of this bond is simply 892. 79 811. 62 does not pay any coupons, its return is given by: 1 1 10% . 11. 62. Since this bond Similarly, if you purchase a three-year zero coupon bond today, the forecasted price a year later is 1000 1. 130136 Today, this bond’s price is simply expected holding period return is 78. 295 71. 178 1 78. 295 . 71. 178. Therefore, the 10% 6. Consider the following three bonds. You are investigating how the bonds would react to changes in interest rates. Bond A Face value Years to maturity Coupon rate Yield-to-maturity $1,000 3 5. 5% 4. 80% Zero-coupon bond $1,000 2. 85 0 4. 80% Bond B $1,000 3 8. 75% 4. 80% Assume that coupons are paid once a year. . Find the duration of each bond. Bond A Time 1 2 3 Price ZCB Time 2. 85 Price Bond B Time 1 2 3 Price Cash Flow 87. 5 87. 5 1087. 5 Present value 83. 49 79. 67 944. 81 1107. 97 Weight 0. 075 0. 072 0. 853 Cash Flow 1000 Present value 874. 92 874. 92 Weight 1. 000 Cash Flow 55 55 1055 Present value 52. 48 50. 08 916. 58 1019. 13 Weight 0. 051 0. 049 0. 899 Hence, the durations are: 0. 051 0. 075 1 1 0. 049 0. 072 2 2 0. 899 0. 853 3 3 2. 85 2. 78 2. 85 b. Calculate the modified duration of each bond. The modified durations are ? ? 2. 85 2. 72 1. 048 2. 78 2. 5 1. 048 c. Calculate the estimated percentage change in price of each bond due to a 0. 50% change in yield to maturity. The percentage change in the price of each bond due to a change in the yield? ? ? to-maturity is ? ? ? 2. 72 2. 65 0. 5% 1. 36% 1. 33% 0. 5% d. What can you conclude about the reactions of the bonds? Specifically, compare the percentage price changes of the bonds with similar durations and the bonds with similar maturities. Bonds with equal durations are more alike than bonds with equal maturities in their reactions to changes in yields. 7.Suppose that your insurance company has issued a Guaranteed Investment Contract (GIC) that matures in three years and promises to pay an interest rate of 23. 36%. The amount invested in GIC today is $150,000. You have decided to immunize your position by purchasing a bond that has a par value of $150,000, a coupon rate of 23. 36%, and four years to maturity. The bond is selling currently at par value. a. W hat is the future value of your company’s obligation? The future value of the obligation is $150,000 1. 2336 $281,588. 13 b. Assume that the interest rate stays at 23. 36%.At the date at which each payment is received, compute the accumulated value of reinvested coupons and the proceeds from the bond sale. How close will you come to your meeting your obligation? The bond pays a coupon of $150,000 23. 36% $35,040. If the market rates remain unchanged, at the end of year three it will be possible to sell the bond still at par. With this information, we can construct the following table: Year 1 2 3 3 Total future value Cash flow 35,040 35,040 35,040 150,000 Accumulated value 53,322. 78 43,225. 34 35,040 150,000 281,588. 13 That is, you will be able to repay your obligation in full.

Aqua maintenance of life Essays

Aqua maintenance of life Essays Aqua maintenance of life Essay Aqua maintenance of life Essay AQA MAINTENANCE OF LIFE REVISION GUIDE1. CELLS animals and plants consist of cells. All cells have the following in common:* NUCLEUS containing chromosomes which carry the genes controlling the cells characteristics* CELL MEMBRANE allows movement of substances into and out of the cell.* CYTOPLASM where chemical reactions take place under the control of enzymes.* MITOCHONDRIA where respiration takes place (energy is released).2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL and PLANT CELLS* CELL WALL made up of cellulose to give the plant support* CHLOROPLASTS containing chlorophyll required for photosynthesis* LARGE VACUOLE containing cell sap (a solution of substances in water for support and storage).3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS -Photosynthesis describes how green plants make their own food (glucose). They take very simple substances from the environment to do this.LightCARBON DIOXIDE + WATER GLUCOSE + OXYGENChlorophyllLeaves have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the plant to ab sorb light energy needed for photosynthesis. This light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is released as a waste product.WHAT CAN LIMIT THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS?* Availability of carbon dioxide and water* Light intensity* TemperatureWHAT DO PLANTS DO WITH THE GLUCOSE THEY PRODUCE?* Some is converted to cellulose for making cell walls* Some is converted to sucrose for storing in fruits* Some is converted to starch for storage* Some is converted to lipids for storing in seeds* Some is converted to amino acidsWHAT ELSE DO PLANTS REQUIRE FOR HEALTHY GROWTH?Mineral ionRequired forDeficiency symptomsNitrateProtein synthesisStunted growth and yellow older leavesPhosphatePhotosynthesis and respiration reactionsPoor root growth and purple younger leavesPotassiumHelps the enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration work.Yellow leaves with dead spots4. PLANT HORMONES- Plants are sensitive to light, moisture and gravity. Their shoots grow towards t he light and against the force of gravity. Their roots grow towards moisture and in the direction of the force of gravity. Plants produce hormones that co-ordinate and control this growth. They are known as AUXINS.Auxins (plant hormones) affect the growth of plants in the following ways:* Cause shoot growth by cell elongation* Prevent side branchingAuxins are used commercially for the following uses:* To kill weeds by disrupting their normal growth* To reproduce large numbers of plants quickly by stimulating the growth of roots from cuttings* To regulate the ripening of fruits on the plant and during transport to customers5. TRANSPORT IN PLANTS the transportation of water is vital in plants. A lack of water will lead to wilting and the eventual death of the plant.HOW DO WATER AND MINERALS ENTER A PLANT?* Root hair cells absorb water by osmosis.* Minerals are absorbed by diffusion or active transport.* Water and soluble minerals are transported in xylem vessels. Soluble food substan ces eg. Glucose is transported in phloem tubes.HOW DOES WATER LEAVE A PLANT?Plants lose water vapour from the surface of their leaves. This loss of water is known as transpiration. Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from the leaf through the stomata creating a pull causing water to rise up the plant in the transpiration stream. The size of stomata is controlled by guard cells, which surround them. If plants lose water faster than the roots replace it, the stomata can close to prevent wilting. Transpiration is more rapid in hot, dry and windy conditions. Most plants have a waxy layer (cuticle) on their leaves, which stops them losing too much water. Plants living in dry conditions have a thicker cuticle.HOW IS WATER TRANSPOPRTED WITHIN A PLANT?* XYLEM TISSUE transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.HOW ARE NUTRIENTS TRANSPORTED?* PHLOEM TISSUE transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.6. HOW DO SUBSTANCES ENTER AND LEAVE CELLS?D IFFUSION movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.OSMOSIS movement of water particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a partially permeable membrane.ACTIVE TRANSPORT an energy requiring process by which cells take substances against a concentration gradient. This enables plants to absorb mineral ions from very dilute solutions.7. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. A network of nerves connects the brain and spinal cord to the body. Messages travel throughout the nervous system via nerve impulses. Nerve impulses are electrical impulses.SENSE ORGANS, RECEPTORS and STIMULISENSE ORGANSRECEPTORSTIMULUSEye (sight + balance)LightLightEar (hearing + balance)SoundSoundNose (smell)ChemicalChemicalTongue (taste)ChemicalChemicalSkin (touch)Pressure andTemperaturePressureTemperatureREFLEX ACTIONS an automatic response to a stimulus.REFLEX ARC th e route taken by a nerve impulse through the nervous system. A reflex arc consists of three parts:1. Sensory neurone carrying a nerve impulse from a receptor to the spinal cord or brain.2. Relay neurone carrying the impulse through the spinal cord.3. Effector/Motor neurone carrying the impulse from the spinal cord to the effector.SYNAPSE a gap between neurones. A chemical is released at a synapse allowing the passage of the impulse across the synapse.8. THE EYE- identify and explain the function of each eye part:*Sclera tough white protective layer*Cornea focusing.*Lens focusing.*Iris controls the amount of light reaching the retina through the pupil.*Retina light sensitive layer containing light receptors.*Optic Nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain.Light from an object enters the eye through the cornea. The curved cornea and lens help to focus an image onto the retina. The receptor cells in the retina send impulses to the brain along sensory neurones in th e optic nerve.The shape of the lens can be altered, by contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles, to focus near or distant objects respectively. Electrical impulses transmit information from receptor cells along sensory neurones to the central nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.9. HOMEOSTASIS (the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment)1. Maintenance of body temperature2. Maintenance of body water content3. Maintenance of blood glucose levels4. Maintenance of ion content of the body10. ROLE of the SKIN* A waterproof and germ-proof layer* Temperature control by sweating and by changes in the diameter of the skins superficial capillaries.11. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM (maintaining water balance and removing waste).You must appreciate the role of the kidneys to remove unwanted substances from the blood and pass them onto the bladder to be excreted.Identify and recall the function of:* Kidneys filtration and reabsorption.* Renal artery carries dirty blood to the kidney.* Renal vein carries clean blood away from the kidney.* Ureters transport urine to the bladder.* Bladder stores urine.* Urethra transports urine out of the body.NEPHRON each kidney consists of approximately 1million nephrons. You must be able to identify the following nephron parts:* Glomerulus dense capillary network* Renal capsule (Bowmans capsule) a cup-like structure holding the glomerulus* Renal tubule and associated blood capillaries* Collecting duct where urine collectsHOW THE NEPHRON WORKS PART 1 PRESSURE FILTRATION1. Dirty blood is carried to the nephron by the renal artery to the glomerulus.2. Blood enters the glomerulus at high pressure. This causes water, nutrients, salts and urea to pass into the Bowmans capsule. This mixture is known as the filtrate.HOW THE NEPHRON WORKS PART 2 REABSORPTION1. Some water and salts from the filtrate passes back into the blood. All glucose is reabsorbed.2. Urea, excess water and salts flows to the col lecting duct.3. Collecting Duct Ureter Bladder Urethra Toilet!!12. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK response reduces the strength of the original stimulus.Example 1. Temperature ControlSTIMULUS (increase in temperature)RECEPTORRESPONSE BRAIN decrease in temperatureEFFECTORsweating/ capillaries dilateExample 2. Water ControlSTIMULUS (increased water in the blood)RECEPTORRESPONSE BRAIN decreased water in thebloodEFFECTORless ADH secretedADH ANTI -DIURETIC HORMONE causes the kidneys to absorb more waterExample 3. Glucose ControlSTIMULUS (increased glucose in the blood)RECEPTORRESPONSE BRAIN decreased glucose in thebloodEFFECTORmore insulinsecretedINSULIN removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver.13. DRUGS (substances which alters the way the body works)* Tobacco Smoking- contains harmul chemicals e.g,-Tar deposits in the lungs and causes cancer.-Nicotine (the addictive part) causes constriction of blood vessels and makes the hard beat faster.-Carbon monoxide preven ts haemoglobin from carrying as much oxygen.Carbon monoxide combines irreversibly with the haemoglobin in red blood cellsSMOKING DURING PREGNANCY INCREASES THE CHANCES OF DISABILITY AND PREMATURE LABOUR. THE FOETUS IS DEPRIVED OF OXYGEN LEADING TO A LOW BIRTH WEIGHT.* Alcohol Abuse causes impairment of judgement, slowing down reactions and possible damage to brain and liver cells.* Solvent Abuse causes hallucinations and damage to lungs, liver and brain..ADDICTION drug use may lead to addiction. This is a state in which the body can not function normally without the drug and a person may suffer withdrawal symptoms without them.

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay on the Economics of Climate Change

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay on the Economics of Climate Change If you have set out to complete a cause and effect essay, the first thing you want to uncover is whether you have to write specifically about a cause OR an effect, or if you have to write about both. It is very likely that your teacher will ask you to only cover one, given that the page length required to cover both adequately in the same essay would be quite high. That being said, the cause and effect essay is one which explores, as the name suggests, either the cause of something or the effects of it. For the economics of climate change, you must explore the cause of higher energy costs in a specific area, or the causes of the death of the krill shrimp. When you are writing this type of essay, you must consider certain things: your audience (teacher). Surely your entire work should not circle around your teacher, but you want to make sure that you do what is asked of you by reviewing the teacher’s notes and assignment details at the start of your work. You want to consider whether the teacher is your only audience, or if your essay is something to be shared with the class. Keywords Be on the lookout for keywords which instruct you as to the way your essay should be written. These include words such as: Analyze; Compare AND contrast; Compare OR contrast; Explore; You also want to look for limiting words such as: Only from chapter 6; Between chapter 1 and 10; Between 1800 and 1900; After 1990; For the United States. You don’t want to write a great essay on energy methods in Mexico when your teacher specifically asked you to write about Germany. Title The title is an important part of your writing. It is something that should grab the attention of your reader. You don’t want a boring title that simply says â€Å"Facts on Wind Energy†. This is mundane. Instead, try for something more insightful such as â€Å"Saving What’s Left: the Burden of the New Generation†. Introduction This is where you introduce the topic to your reader in the form of your thesis (choose the one among our topics on economics of climate change).You want this to be the road map for your reader such that they can see what you are going to reveal in the body of your content. Body This is where you develop or flesh out your main topic (use the facts on economics of climate change to back up your topic). Your goal here is to keep one key idea per paragraph and to ensure each paragraph not only substantiates the idea you have, but tunnels back to the main thesis statement. The reader should conclude each body paragraph with a more comprehensive understanding of your topic, with new information and new facts. Conclusion This is where you signal to the reader the essay is over. It is where you reiterate your ideas and where you offer a concluding statement of what the reader should take away from your work.

Introduction to the Coase Theorem

Introduction to the Coase Theorem The Coase Theorem, developed by economist Ronald Coase, states that when conflicting property rights occur, bargaining between the parties involved will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of which party is ultimately awarded the property rights, as long as the transaction costs associated with bargaining are negligible. Specifically, the Coase Theorem states that if trade in an externality is possible and there are no transaction costs, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of property rights.† What Is the Coase Theorem? The Coase Theorem is most easily explained via an example. Its clear that noise pollution fits the typical definition of an externality, or a consequence of an economic activity on an unrelated third party, because noise pollution from, say, a factory, a loud garage band, or a wind turbine potentially imposes a cost on people who are neither consumers nor producers of these items. (Technically, this externality comes about because its not well defined who owns the noise spectrum.) In the case of the wind turbine, for example, its efficient to let the turbine make noise if the value of operating the turbine is greater than the noise cost imposed on those who live near it. On the other hand, its efficient to shut the turbine down if the value of operating the turbine is less than the noise cost imposed on nearby residents. Since the potential rights and desires of the turbine company and the households are clearly in conflict, its possible that the two parties will end up in court to figure out whose rights take precedence. In this instance, the court could decide that the turbine company has the right to operate at the expense of the nearby households or that the households have the right to quiet at the expense of the turbine companys operations. Coases main thesis is that the decision reached regarding the assignment of property rights has no bearing on whether the turbines continue to operate in the area as long as the parties can bargain without cost. How Does It Work in Practice? Why is this? Lets say that its efficient to have the turbines operating in the area, i.e., that the value to the company of operating the turbines is greater than the cost imposed on the households. Put another way, this means that the turbine company would be willing to pay the households more to stay in business than the households would be willing to pay the turbine company to shut down. If the court decides that the households have a right to quiet, the turbine company will probably compensate the households in exchange for letting the turbines operate. Because the turbines are worth more to the company than quiet is worth to the households, some offer will be acceptable to both parties, and the turbines will keep running. On the other hand, if the court decides that the company has the right to operate the turbines, the turbines will stay in business and no money will change hands. This is because the households arent willing to pay enough to convince the turbine company to cease operation. In summary, the assignment of rights in this example didnt affect the outcome once the opportunity to bargain was introduced, but the property rights did affect the transfers of money between the two parties. This scenario is realistic: In 2010, for example, Caithness Energy offered households near its turbines in Eastern Oregon $5,000 each not to complain about the noise that the turbines generated. Its most likely that in this scenario, the value of operating the turbines was greater to the company than the value of quiet was to the households, and it was probably easier for the company to proactively offer compensation to the households than it would have been to get the courts involved. Why Would the Coase Theorem Not Work? In practice, there are a number of reasons why the Coase Theorem may not hold (or apply, depending on context).  In some cases, the endowment effect could cause the valuations elicited in negotiation to depend on the initial allocation of property rights.  In other cases, negotiation may not be feasible either due to the number of parties involved or social conventions.

KM at GlaxoSmithKline and McKinsey & Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

KM at GlaxoSmithKline and McKinsey & Co - Essay Example GSK by end-2005 was the world's third largest pharmaceutical company in terms of market capitalisation (85.5 billion) and is in the top tier of global industry competitors in turnover (21.7 billion), operating profits (6.9 billion), employees (over 100,000), products in development (149), and profitability (12 of 30 major products each had sales over 500 million) (GSK, 2006). GSK resulted from the 2000 merger between two English global healthcare businesses - Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc -, and has its headquarters in London, two operational headquarters in the U.S., principal research and development (R&D) labs in the U.S., Japan, Italy, Spain, and Belgium, manufacturing plants in 37, operations in 119, and sales offices in 130 countries (GSK, 2006). Business competition and survival in the industry is characterised by getting the right number of products to the right markets at an affordable price and at the right time (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 224). Companies need to achieve efficiencies at all stages of each product's life cycle: from establishing the target strategy (which sickness to address and compounds to test), to testing and licensing (getting government approval takes years), commercialisation (where and how to sell, at what price, and which distribution network to use), and supply chain management (manufacturing and getting drugs to the patients who need them). Stiff competition from generics, rising product development costs, growing R&D failure rates, and increasing legal threats push GSK to develop drugs faster, safer, and more profitably. This is where KM initiatives are important. With over 100,000 employees - many among them top scientists that gave us retroviral drugs for HIV, vaccines for deadly hepatitis, medications for ulcers and erectile dysfunction, and Horlicks for nutrition - GSK is a repository of immense knowledge that can be shared efficiently and effectively. McKinsey & Company: An Overview McKinsey & Company is a privately held U.S.-based management consulting established in 1926 as an accounting and engineering analysis firm. The legendary Marvin Bower, Managing Director from 1950 to 1967, led its growth and development into a global power by transforming a small technical-oriented company into one of the most knowledge-based firms within the global management consulting industry (Edersheim, 2004). McK, with 2004 annual revenues of $3.5 billion and 11,500 staff working in 80 offices in 40 countries is highly profitable, has a strong brand image, and spends at least 10 percent of its annual revenues on managing and sharing knowledge. In comparison with other giants like IBM and Accenture, McK is the 8th largest in annual revenues (MCI, 2004). McK has been consistently recognised for developing knowledge workers through senior management leadership,

Adam Smiths economic theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Adam Smiths economic theories - Research Paper Example Smith has emphasized that a historical perspective is necessary to study the science of man and society, and only with this study it is possible to establish an efficient social science system. He has said that in any society it is the collective contribution of all individuals that lead to economic stability since it is the individuals who produce and sell goods according to their requirements as a society. He has named the controlling factor of this mechanism as the invisible hand. The principle rule of classic economics is that non-intervention of the government in the marketplace will give freedom to everyone to contribute towards economic growth by creating the required goods for the greatest number of people. Adam Smith Adam Smith was an eighteenth century Scottish philosopher who is known as the father of modern economics. He was baptized on June 5, 1723. He is well known for his two books: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). He studied moral philosophy from the University of Glasgow under the renowned philosopher Francis Hutcheson. In 1740, he entered the Balliol College, Oxford after being awarded the Snell Exhibition (Biographiq, 3-4). In his second book Wealth of Nations, Smith has given a coherent description of the history of development of industry and commerce in Europe, and has voiced his opinion against the doctrine of government intervention in trade and commerce. He has also explained that a sustainable economy is possible by people’s effort to fulfill their self-interests through competition. Smith’s economic philosophy contributed towards â€Å"creating the modern academic discipline of economics and provided one of the best-known intellectual rationales for free trade, capitalism, and libertarianism.† (Biographiq, 3-4) Economic theories The invisible hand theory Smith has focused on people’s contribution towards production, and has argu ed that it is the annual labour which is the principle source to meet the demands of the consumers regarding all necessaries and conveniences of life. The produce of the labour is generally consistent with the immediate produce of the labour, or the commodities or services that are purchased with the produce from other nations. Therefore, the produce from labour or what is purchased with the produce can be more or less in proportion to the demand in the consumer market of a nation. This means that the nation is economically developed when there is better supply of necessaries and conveniences or is economically worse when there is insufficient supply of the same. Smith has argued that this proportion is determined by two factors – 1) skill and dexterity of labour and proper application of the skills, 2) proportion of labour employed to that of labour not employed in useful work. Smith has emphasized only on these two factors irrespective of the soil and climate of the nation (Smith[1], 8). According to Smith, it is the market conditions that are responsible for the production of right kind of goods and services. This is because the objective of the producers and manufactures is to make profits by supplying goods and services to the market. If there is no intervention by the government in the matters of trade, then the business environment of the nation will be free from government restrictions. This will lead to well-being of the public with increased competition between producers and manufacturers to produce goods and services as and when required by the public. This is the general picture of a free market economy. With growing competition betwe

Brand Extension Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Extension Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Lavington Green Village is an estate that is mainly made up of high class persons who live luxurious lives. Therefore, the customers mainly demand products that will improve their living standards or increase their lifestyles. Low class products do not have an impact on the market since the people already have the product. This is known from the statistics taken by Clean-So Company. Secondary market trends; these will be short term price fluctuations in the market which may last for only a few days or weeks. Under this trend, the prices may rise or may fall. This trend will affect the way in which the customers view the product because; customers may generalize a price increase to have affected all the products in the market (Winer, 2004). Secular market trend; under this trend, customers are likely to change their tastes and preferences since the trend is long-term. Primary market trend; this trend will also influence the customers since it lasts for a year or more. Therefore, by at the end of one whole year the customers will have changed to other products (EconomyWatch, 2010). The market is growing since; statistics show that there has been a continuous increase in the users of the products each year. The population also keeps on increasing and hence, the users of the products keep on increasing in number. The growth trends observed includes cyclic and exponential trends. This is evidenced by the data which shows that the numbers of customers have been increasing exponentially. A growing market implies an increasing demand and hence; the company will address it by increasing the output. Strengths; the company has three key strengths which include; it has a strong marketing unit and hence can attract a large number of customers. The company also has qualified and experienced employees. Thirdly, it has the strength of being innovative and creative. However, the company

John Edward Robinson Sr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Edward Robinson Sr - Essay Example The Robinson’s moved to a bigger house in Missouri. He worked for the medical practice of Dr. Wallace Graham. In 1969, he was sentenced to 3 years’ probation after embezzling $33,000 from the medical practice. Robinson had sexually propositions about many of his neighbors’ wives and got into a physical fight with one of the husbands. On the other hand, he was involved in many rape crimes most of the victims were young girls (Thomas). In 1984 the first prey for Robinson was Paula Godfrey, she was 19 years old. John hired her to work in his firm. He picked her from her parents’ home to go to the airport but she never was found after that. From 1987-1993 Robinson was incarcerated, first in Kansas (1987-91) on multiple fraud conviction and other fraud convictions and parole violations. In addition, he was using the internet for sexual activities by using the â€Å"Slavemaster† as a nickname in the social network sites. Suzette was the way to expose Robi nson by her online friendships from around the world who knew she had gone to Kansas city to be with John Robinson. Her friends were worried about her because she no longer appeared online. Also he tried to seduce Lore and she is one of Suzette’s online friends, who lived in Eastern Canada. Lore tried to drag Robinson to find her friend Suzette. There were some telephone calls and email between them, in that time the police was tracking all the calls and emails. The police contacted Lore and told her that they were doing investigation about Robinson and they asked her to continue her relationship with him. Lore wasn’t the only target for Robinson. He was meeting women locally and outside the country. Tiffany Lynn Stasi is a child linked to Robinson, who disappeared 15 years ago after her mother crossed paths with Robinson. She was a 4-month old baby when she disappeared. Police was investigating whether Tiffany was living under another name (Canon). Sources who were kn owledgeable of the investigation said â€Å"She could have been raised by a couple known to Robinson without ever being legally adopted† (Jury Backs Execution in 'Sex Slave' Murders). Finally, in Missouri, members of the task force found that all five women were killed in the same way, by one or two blows to the head. They found these bodies in two garages that Robinson rented. In 2003, Robinson was sentenced to death in Kansan for the murders of Trouten and Lewicka, and life imprisonment for killing Stasi. The article shows that Robinson victims were 8 women and he was a serial killer. In my opinion, John Edward Robinson is one of the famous serial killers. While searching and reading articles about Robinson I found that he is sick of sexual activity or sexual things, even when he got married to Nancy, he was cheating on her and had many girlfriends everywhere around the world. Then he used internet for such purposes. Also he chose such nicknames that tell about his mentalit y and his indulgence in sex life. In fact, he loves porn and sexual life. That can be the cause of Robinson crimes. He did many criminal things such as, rape, stealing and killing. Each one of these crimes is related to the other one. For example, rape drives you to kill etc. The second reason that drove him to steal was that he was always expelled from his work and he tried to make his own firm but was haunted by debt. These things happened to him when he was not a part of notorious world. Maybe there is such a devilish force that pushed him to do all these crimes or was mentally ill. In the

ETHICS (Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Essay

ETHICS (Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer-supported Systems) Coursework Assignment Case - Essay Example There are only slightly differentiations made on the initial booking system – as being established in the firm in 1998. Now, 10 years after the weaknesses of the specific system have become obvious. The system does not include features that allow its users to proceed fast with each booking. As a result delays are noticed in the completion of bookings in the firm’s various departments. A new booking system is required the soonest possible. Current booking system is also unable to help the firm’s employees with the cross references in data held in the central database. As a result, important details on the clients’ health are often ignored. The main reason for the system’s failure is believed to be the fact that there is only one central point of booking – established in the booking office. However, the computers in the firm’s various departments should also offer access to the clients’ booking details – there is no way for the firm’s employees to be informed on existing bookings. Delays in the process of the clients’ booking details are also a common phenomenon with the firm’s current booking system. The improvement of the firm’s booking process could be achieved only by the replacement of existed system – by an appropriately customized IS. The main features of the suggested system will be: a) all the firm’s computers will have access to the booking details of the firm’s customers – in case that there is a need for changing these details then this task will be performed through the computer of the firm’s booking office, b) reports will be delivered for the firm’s employees, c) there will be no issue of delivering a false report on client (cross – reference of data). The performance of the new system will be based on specific criteria. The production of accurate reports on the

Personal Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Code of Ethics - Essay Example ed commitment, principled living style, objectivity, harmonious behavior, constructive criticism, beneficial communication, learning passion, and critical reflection. In pursuing my career in finance and accounting, I will take care to conduct myself as much ethically as possible in both personal and professional life by always ensuring the definite presence of this ethical code in my mind. By keeping the values which form the hallmark of my code, I will learn the ropes to establish a smooth career which would not be marred by insignificant criticism, harsh communication, unprofessional thinking, workplace debauchery, and demoralized behavior. Developing a code of ethics prior to initiating a professional career holds utmost importance, because it saves one from engrossing in character-destroying activities and ruining one’s career for life. I will promote healthy and constructive dialogue with fellow colleagues and managers, while taking care to criticize where necessary but in a bias-free manner. I will negotiate certain issues with other people at workplace by being critical, reflective, and ethical at the same time. I will never hold back my passion and commitment for offering solutions for myriad problems and will always consult my code of ethics for maintaining workplace

ETHICS (Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Essay

ETHICS (Effective Technical and Human Implementation of Computer-supported Systems) Coursework Assignment Case - Essay Example There are only slightly differentiations made on the initial booking system – as being established in the firm in 1998. Now, 10 years after the weaknesses of the specific system have become obvious. The system does not include features that allow its users to proceed fast with each booking. As a result delays are noticed in the completion of bookings in the firm’s various departments. A new booking system is required the soonest possible. Current booking system is also unable to help the firm’s employees with the cross references in data held in the central database. As a result, important details on the clients’ health are often ignored. The main reason for the system’s failure is believed to be the fact that there is only one central point of booking – established in the booking office. However, the computers in the firm’s various departments should also offer access to the clients’ booking details – there is no way for the firm’s employees to be informed on existing bookings. Delays in the process of the clients’ booking details are also a common phenomenon with the firm’s current booking system. The improvement of the firm’s booking process could be achieved only by the replacement of existed system – by an appropriately customized IS. The main features of the suggested system will be: a) all the firm’s computers will have access to the booking details of the firm’s customers – in case that there is a need for changing these details then this task will be performed through the computer of the firm’s booking office, b) reports will be delivered for the firm’s employees, c) there will be no issue of delivering a false report on client (cross – reference of data). The performance of the new system will be based on specific criteria. The production of accurate reports on the

Impact of Dermatology Conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact of Dermatology Conditions - Essay Example Its presentation ranges from open or closed non inflammatory comedones in mild or moderate cases to inflammatory lesions consisting of papules, nodules and cysts in severe cases (Webster 2002). Acne (also called as pimples, zits, blemishes) mostly tend to appear on face, neck, upper chest, shoulders and back. The reason behind this localization is the abundance of sebaceous glands in these areas of the body. The condition is not curable, but it is certainly manageable to a great extent. At times, the lesions can regress to almost none in cases managed properly. Socially, acne has been a source of low self esteem, shame, embarrassment and often depression. It becomes a hindrance in making friends and getting along with people socially as the individuals tend to seclude themselves to avoid feeling further low about themselves. Acne vulgaris is basically an inherited condition (Liddel 1980). Even though the pattern of inheritance has not been identified yet, but 3 of 4 children are likely to have acne if both parents happen to suffer from the disease. The sebaceous glands become activated at puberty to produce sebum under the influence of sex hormones. This along with the follicular epidermal hyper proliferation, results in plugging of the pilosebaceous follicular ducts with sebum and dead skin cells. Superimposed by bacteria, this results in the formation of a microcomedone, which is the precursor of open and closed comedones (blackheads and whiteheads respectively) and eventually the non inflammatory and inflammatory lesions. Acne vulgaris can be classified on the basis of its severity. The mild to moderate variety includes whiteheads, blackheads, papules and pustules. The pores that are completely blocked by sebum and dead skin cells form closed whiteheads. Blackheads are the are pores partially blocked by sebum, dead skin cells and sometimes bacteria draining to the surface.

History of American Football Essay Example for Free

History of American Football Essay Beginning of Football Football as well as rugby and soccer are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature. where it is often referred to as a very rough and brutal game.The rules of this ancient sport were quite simple: Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal line, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other team’s objective was simply to stop them by any means possible. There was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules. Most modern versions of football are believed to have originated from England in the twelfth century. The game became so popular in England that the kings of that time (Henry II and Henry IV) actually banned football. They believed that football was taking away interest from the traditional sports of England, such as fencing and archery. Walter Camp Walter Camp was born April 17, 1859, in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended Yale from 1876 to 1882, where he studied medicine and business. Walter Camp was an author, athletic director, chairman of the board of the New Haven Clock Company, and director of the Peck Brothers Company. He was general athletic director and head advisory football coach at Yale University from 1888-1914, and chairman of the Yale football committee from 1888-1912. Camp played footba ll at Yale and helped evolve the rules of the game away from Rugby and Soccer rules into the rules of American Football as we know them today. One precursor to Walter Camps influence was William Ebb Ellis, a student at the Rugby School in England. In 1823, Ellis was the first person noted for picking up the ball during the soccer game and running with it, thereby breaking and changing the rules. In 1876, at the Massosoit  convention, the the first attempts at writing down the rules of American football were made. Walter Camp edited every American Football rulebook until his death in 1925. Walter Camp contributed the following changes from Rugby and Soccer to American football one side retained undisputed possession of the ball, until that side gives up the ball as a result of its own violations the line of scrimmage 11 on a team instead of 15 created the quarter-back and center positions forward pass standardized the scoring system, numerical scoring created the safety, interference penalties, and the neutral zone tackling as low as the knee was permitted 1888 a touchdown increased in value to six points and field goals went down to three points 1912 The NFL or the National Football League, was formed in 1920 soccor/football Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Europe and the Americas. It has a vivid and interesting history in the world of sports. Early evidence of soccer being played as a sport finds occurrence in China during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. In China, it was during the Han dynasty that people dribbled leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Recorded facts also support the fact that Romans and Greeks used to play ball for fun and frolic. Some facts point to Kyoto in Japan where kicking of ball was a popular sport.It is said that early growth of the modern soccer started in England. Some amusing facts even mention that the first ball used was the head of some Danish brigand. It is said that during medieval times, the old form of soccer used to allow many ill practices like kicking, punching, biting and gouging. The main aim was to carry the ball to a target spot. People grew so fond of the game that they would throng the field all day long. Sometimes the competition grew fierce and masses got so wild that there were frequent incidents of violence during the game. It is also said that soldiers admired the game so much that they missed archery practice to watch it King Edward III banned soccer in 1365 owing to the growing incidents of violence and military indulgence in the sport. In 1424 King James I of Scotland also proclaimed in the Parliament— Na man play at the Fute-ball No man shall play football When and where exactly did soccer start is a question that has no precise answer to it. You can easily say that this popular game has been played for more than three thousand years. The nativity of modern-day soccer must be credited to Britain. It was also known as the association football, with Scotland and England being the co-founders of the systematic game of soccer. Modern History of Soccer: 18th Century onwards In 1815, a major development took place that made soccer popular in Universities, Colleges and Schools. The popular English School and Eton College came forth with a set of rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. Football was segregated into two groups; some colleges and schools opted for Rugby rules that allowed tripping, shin kicking and also carrying the ball. These rules were exclusively prohibited as per the Cambridge rules.The history of modern-day soccer was established in 1863. In October 1863, eleven representatives from London clubs and schools met at the Freemason’s Tavern to set up common fundamental rules to control the matches amongst themselves. The outcome of this meeting was the formation of the Football Association. In December 1863, the Rugby Football and Association football finally split as the supporters of the Rugby School rules walked out. Firmly establishing the foundation of soccer in 1869, the Football Association strictly banned any kind of handling of the ball. Soccer’s popularity spread rapidly during the 1800s as British sailors, traders and soldiers introduced the sport to different parts of the globe. Italians, Austrians and Germans drew to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was established in the year 1904 and by early 1930s, different leagues were operating from various countries. FIFA is credited with organizing the first world cup in Uruguay. The history of soccer is rich with events, development and its growing craze all over the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about different times of this wonderful sport that has held our awe and admiration for over 3000 years. why is soccer called football The game that the rest of the world calls football or the beautiful game goes by a different name in the United States and Canada soccer. Americans adopted the name soccer after almost 100 years of playing this game under the name football.The games history and development provides important clues about the use of the word soccer to identify the game in the countries  that do not call it football.

Corporate Social Responsibility for Competitive Advantage

Corporate Social Responsibility for Competitive Advantage Introduction The famous Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman who once said that there is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits (Friedman 1970). Friedman outlines views which are characterized in two perspectives with regards to social responsibility, on one hand we are aware that attaining profits is one of the primary objectives but it doesnt mean that the managers should be focusing only on profits when making business decisions. There are other factors as well, with can be explored around different perspectives related to social responsibility, however focusing on a businesss application of Social responsibility to make decisions and benefiting society (Spector, 2008). Regardless of whether businesses pose any responsibility to partake in social matters is an ever-growing part of the commercial and industrial world, not too long ago businesses were expected to avoid any harm being done, however recently its almost frowned upon if a corporation does not engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) at all. Qualitative Analysis Forbes published a blog and the writer carried out a survey about consumer behavior, attitudes and awareness about cause marketing, consumer and employee perspectives on CSR issues. The results were that 65% strongly considered leaving their jobs if harm is caused to the environment by the company and a staggering 90% of the consumers said improving society should go hand in hand with achieving company business goal (Epstein-Reeves, 2010). 30,000 consumers were interviewed on Corporate Social Responsibility conducted by Neilson Global this survey ranged across 60 countries with the purpose to understand how invested consumers are with regards to sustainable practices in their daily purchases. It also covered which segments are ecologically and socially supportive in the responsibility efforts made. 50%+ respondents claimed they purchased at a minimum one service or product within the span of six months from a company that is socially responsible. Out of every 10 respondents, four said they have made socially and ethical purchases, these respondents were from North America and Europe (Nielson, 2014) Per Net impacts what workers want report, from the sample size, 45% of the staff agreed to have 15% reduction in pay that has a positive environmental or social effect. A further 51% of employees claim that helping make a better world working towards contribution to society are fundamental to the working society (Heldrich et al. 2012). Criticism however of business extends much further in that much more is expected of corporations today, with realization of ineffective government solutions on a social responsibility platform, for this and other reasons, in developed countries at least. Private sectors organizations are baring the burden of this responsibility to solve these social problems, let alone the directly responsible cases and matters it must rectify ie. Pollution, health and safety of products produced (smith, 2013) Discussion It is clear that with increased public and media pressure CSR is a matter of competitive advantage. From a Moral stand point, the argument is that with all the money businesses have as well as the power they possess to make societal changes, and are now obligated to do so, which seems to be the view of supporters of CSR which is similar to Crowther et all (2008) when he explained in his book that its the obligation of the firm to consider and include the society within its decision making and business operations. However, some argue that large companies have the only responsibility to maximize profits and have no grounds in socially moral matters otherwise, this may seem like a heartless view, whereas the supporters of CSR argue that charitable initiatives tend to shift the focus away from organizations harmful and unethical practices (Tran, 2015) The issue is then how does a business engage in actions that benefit everyone, this is a very difficult task however business managers must be able to balance these competing interests. Shareholders are those individuals to invest their money in the company in exchange for a percentage of ownership and typically voting rights, this makes shareholders the actual owners of the company and shareholders dont necessarily have the time or expertise to make a big decisions they elect the board of directors corporate officers to manage the day-to-day operations and send shareholders who again are the owners to make the decisions is the responsibility of the corporate officers to make decisions that are in the best interests of the shareholders and what is more important to shareholders profit so it is the responsibility of the corporate executive to make as much money as possible while of course operating within the rules of the game which refers to establish laws now engaging in what is termed social responsibility is in direct conflict with the shareholder model because it diverse resources in energy is away from profit maximising behaviours Take for instance giving to a charitable organization Freeman isnt arguing against donating to a local church but he is arguing that a business is not the appropriate vehicle to do it. for one finding cars that all of its shareholders agree with would be nothing short of a miracle and secondly by spending energies and resources on social responsibility the businesses giving up those alternatives that it may have otherwise engaged those alternatives may produce more of a benefit for the business. Instead Freeman believed that this is a super super profit maximization is actually making as much money for shareholders as possible and with that extra cash shareholders to donate to whatever organization they wish Freemans views of course represent just one of the two perspectives related to social responsibility the second perspective is known as the stakeholder model and maintains that businesses have a responsibility to not only see profits but also satisfy the interests of multiple sta keholders these stakeholders represent individuals or groups that have an interest in the actions and behavior of the business The conceptual thinking behind the stakeholder model is that for an organization to operate effectively the business managers need to continuously maintain a positive relationship and understanding with the environment and the society within which it operates. Failure to manage and maintain this will effectively cause harm to the reputation of the business in turn hinder their ability to operate. Since all stakeholder have different types of influence on organizations, they are then separated in to primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders represent those individuals or groups to have a greater influence on the organization they include businesses, customers, employees, suppliers government agencies and the local community (Henriques et al. 1999). These groups are very importance because the business depends of them for long term existence and survival. Consider the impact on the business if suddenly customers seize to buy and products or even the withdrawal of investors. The stakeholder model business managers top priority should be satisfying the various interests of these groups. Common secondary stakeholders like the media maybe not critical in the role played in CSR, however secondary stakeholders do pose strong publish perceptions which can influence the business (Henriques et al. 1999). Case Study 1 British Petroleum The stakeholder group do not carryout business on a regular basis with the company but the information that they communicate impacts the perception of the public drastically. For example, the lengths British Petroleum has taken to repair is damaged image in the light of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (Spence, 2011). The shareholder and stakeholder models above clarifies the if the objective if profitability, does it make it wrong to proceed with decisions with the profitability objective in mind although one can confidently argue the case that boosting profits by cutting cost didnt benefit BP in the long term. Therefore, conducting oneself as socially responsible is less about being socially responsible and being more profitable in an unadulterated socialistic way as Freidman suggests. On the other hand, Shell does portray and provide good examples of CSR by promoting openness. Shell makes it clear that it is keen to commit to transparency when debating with stakeholders. Tell Shell is a discussion blog or forum which tackles issues and matters relating to Shell on a global scale. The posts are criticizing Shell and at the same time supporting Shell, and regular responses from Shell (Shell, 2017). Once the correct personnel are in place, the identification of which stakeholder representatives should be engaged with, specific types of engagements should be determined and a measurement of social performance. A detailed understanding of the companies current corporate social performance is vital when constructing a plausible CSR strategy with clear objectives and goal (Shell, 2017) Case Study 2 Kraft Heinz Kraft Heinz Co suffered a blow from the media in 2009/10 because of Cadburys hostile acquisition. Even though the unions of Cadbury opposed and fought the case in the anticipation that there will be major job cuts. Following the take-over, many top potions employees and executives quit and as much as 30% of the Cadbury staff were privy to leadership posts (Moeller, 2012). As the acquisition ended, over four hundred job had been made redundant despite the promise of Kraft to retain employees (Stiener 2017), this was seen to be a horrible PR let alone a worst case of CSR for Kraft since Kraft now has been negatively portrayed socially. The rising government and public pressure regarding the manner in which companies operate and the total effect it has on the environment is increasing. Kraft as well as many other snack food companies are under pressure with their role in buying palm oil which has direct and considerable links to deforestation (Allen, 2015). Kraft as all multinationals has strict regulations when in operation, these rules are constantly changing with the evolvement of new contaminants globally, but was forced to recall 11 types of chocolate in Chine when it was reported that 50,000 babies become sick and 4 died by contaminated milk by a chemical product (Rigby, 2011) Kraft invests largely in improving its technology to minimize their Co2 emission and protect the environment and reduce global warming. They have incorporated policies to increase the use of rail and low emission modes of transport instead of using trucks (Kraft, 2010) Key Drivers To get and understanding to what the key drivers are, then answering questions of intent is the first item to uncover. An examination of processes and practices is not the only method when studying CSR, but also in depth discussions of communication strategies within CSR. In which way do social and organizational factors cultivate and shape the beliefs and norms that drive organizations to engage in socially responsible activities? A practical way to accomplish this would be to consult top management since they are normally the candidates that spear head CSR initiatives (Lee, 2010) Ethical Consumerism How aware are end users of the activities of the company they buy their product from? Front a B2B standpoint, are converter factories making conscious decisions about who they trade with? Responsible Investment This drives public /institutional investors as well as high net worth individuals to invest in ethically responsible companies. This is a big encouragement for companies to comply and produce CSR reports Shrinking Role of Government This is evident in the fact that due to the shrinking role of governments to solve the problems and issues within the society, its it becoming increasingly clear that organizations are taking on this role. Public Pressure/NGO We can establish that trade unions and NGOs do play a big role in pushing CSR initiatives, therefore due to the possible reputational consequences, firms are partly incorporating more inclusive CSR policies and initiatives. Conclusion Parameters for measuring a companys value or worth and competitiveness has evolved over time, especially since the time Friedman wrote his article in the 1960s. Hence with the ease of access and availability of external information, ie. Macro factors, yes parameters have changed. Therefore in the 60s, companies that took part in social initiatives were rarely publicized or even made known to the larger audience or media. Where as in this current day and age, even the slightest alteration in the CSR policy of the company or social activity is documented and either praise or frowned upon. To sum up, this is a view point Milton Friedman may have not anticipated at the time when analyzing and writing his report.

Learning Styles: Differences In Children’s Minds Essay -- essays paper

Learning Styles: Differences In Children’s Minds Many Community college students are unable to exit remedial college preparatory programs and advance into credit courses (Rochford 2003). Experts may say it is due to the inability of teachers to teach using methods. Different people may have different learning styles. Student populations have become more diverse, the ability to teach to the needs of different learners has become increasingly important (Haar, Hall, Schoepp, & Smith 2002). Learning styles refer to the way students concentrate on, process, internalize, and recall new and difficult information. Most people have preferences, but individual preferences differ. The stronger the preference, the more important it is to provide compatible instructional strategies (Rochford 2003). The Dunn and Dunn Learning-style model illustrates elements that influence that way people learn new material. Great achievement while introducing new material may be achieved if certain stimuli are considered:  · Environmental - sound, light, temperature, design  · Emotional – motivated, persistent, structure, responsible  · Sociological – alone, pair, peers, team, adult, varied  · Physiological – food, time, mobility  · Psychological – global, analytic (Rochford 2003). Understanding these stimuli is the first step in mastering the art of teaching the correct method to the correct learning style. The three basic learning styles include the visual, the auditory, and the kinesthetic learner. Each type of learner has distinct characteristics and skills. Visual Learning Visual learners need to see the material. Information seen in charts, diagrams, or pictures is remembered... ... http://bcps.org/offices/lis/models/tips/styles/html Miller, S, (2000). The learning styles survey. Retrieved October 16, 2004 from http://www.metamath.com/lsweb/fourls.htm Penn State York University. Auditory learners. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from the world wide web: http://www.yk.psu.edu/learncenter/acskills/auditory.html Rochford, R. (2003). Assessing learning styles to improve the quality of performance of community college students in development writing programs: a pilot study. Community College Journal of Research & Practice, 27.8, 665-677. Sabry, K., & Baldwin, L. (2003). Web-based learning interaction and learning styles. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34.4, 443-454. Svati, C. & Pratibha, M. Visual learners. Retrieve November 20, 2004 from the world wide web: http://www.nalandainstitute.org/aspfiles/visual.asp

Explain How Observations of Babies, Children and Young People Contribute to Planning.

Explain how observations of babies, children and young people contribute to planning. â€Å"What are observations? An observation is a piece of work in which the child’s words and actions are recorded in great detail. This child’s actions are then analyzed by the practitioner. It is about looking and listening to children. A bit like being a scientist we collect information or data process it and draw up conclusions from it. † (Class Hand out)An important part of a practitioner’s role is recording a Childs development and behaviour. Their are several reasons why early years practitioners keep records and assessments of babies and children. †¢ To check a Childs overall development: Routine checks are important for detecting and diagnosing any problems earl on. This could be done but the help and support of a health visitor etc. †¢ To see if the child is progressing:Assessments are regularly made to ensure that the children are progressing, not onl y in overall areas but specifically personal things as each child may not be as strong at a certain subject like the other but they are both none the less improving. †¢ To help planning: Observations and assessments should be used when planning activities for example if a practitioner observes a lack of physical development then they could decide on doing some throwing and catching exercises. Practitioners need to keep track of every pupil and their particular needs.Children have different strengths and weaknesses. So the practitioner must locate these and help the child; for example after a couple of assessments a child may show that their language skills aren’t as great as they could be so a practitioner may refer hem to a speech therapist or plan some activities that would encourage the child to talk and interact a bit more with others. The practitioner needs to report back to the parents and other fellow practitioners. This is simply because the parents need to know how their child is progressing and whether or not they need extra help.They tell fellow practitioners so they can also observe the child and work towards helping them. Their are many different professionals who can observe a child these are: †¢ Educational physiologist †¢ Child psychiatrist †¢ Family doctor †¢ Speech therapist †¢ Play therapist †¢ Health visitor 1998 Data Protection Act The data protection act came into force in March 2000. It states anyone processing personal information needs to register with the data protection commission. Anyone who registers must comply with the 8 enforceable principles or a good practice. ConfidentialityThis is an important issue on keeping records on children. The records and any information can only be used for the best interest of the child. The records should be stored safely and only appropriate staff and other professionals have access to them. This means parents can never be given information about other pe ople’s children. Observing the child is so you can find their stage of development, their likes and dislikes and their strengths and weaknesses. Assessing a child is when you carry out specific activity to see whether they have improved on a certain area or if they are doing well overall.

Cultural Relativism and Whistleblowing Essay

Explain using the ethics of cultural relativism the advantages and disadvantages of whistle blowing Cultural relativism is the principle regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself (Chegg.com: 2012). It is the concept that the importance of a particular cultural idea varies from one society or societal subgroup to another and that ethical and moral standards are relative to what a particular society or culture believes to be good or bad, right or wrong. In other words, â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another society’s customs. According to Philosophy All About.org (2012) the view that the varied moral or ethical systems are all equally valid is based on the idea that there is no ultimate standard of good or evil; so every judgment about right and wrong is a product of society. Therefore, any opinion on morality or ethics is subject to the cultural perspective of each person. Ultimately, this means that no moral or ethical system can be considered the â€Å"best,† or â€Å"worst,† and no particular moral or ethical position can actually be considered â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong.† Cultural perspective therefore can help us understand why certain actions are considered right or wrong by a particular culture. The actions being referred to include the act of whistle blowing. Boatwright (2009: 90) defines the act whistle blowing as the release of information by a member or former member of an organisation that is evidence of illegal and/or immoral conduct in the organisation or conduct in the organisation that is not in the public interest. Nadler and Schulman (2006) assert that whistle blowing is intricately linked to ethics in that it represents a person’s understanding, at a deep level, that an action his or her organisation is taking is taking is harmful and that it interferes with people’s rights or is unfair or detracts from the common good. The question therefore from a cultural relativism perspective is, through which culture’s lens is the â€Å"common good† being viewed. If in the prevailing culture whistle blowing is a common and acceptable practice an atmosphere where the advantages of whistle blowing has been cultivated. According to Trimborn (2012) the most important of the advantages is that whistle-blowing often ends long-standing wrongdoing that would have otherwise continued. Organisations who encourage a whistle blowing culture, promote transparent structure and effective, clear communication. More importantly, whistle blowing can protect the organization’s clients. Trimborn (2012) cites the example of a hospital employing a number of negligent staff members. Other, more ethically inclined, employees would need to bring such issues to the hospital’s attention, protecting the organization from possible lawsuits or severe mishaps resulting in a patient’s demise. In the case of clear workplace violations of health and safety regulations, or breach of employment laws, workers are protected and their rights upheld. With regard to research or technical issues, whistle-blowers may cite internal memos and other documentation to prove doubts existed about a product (such as a cover- up of certain medication dangers) or that false research results were knowingly published. Whistle-blowers often highlight safety concerns regarding cars or other products, thus protecting an unsuspecting public. Whistle-blowing upholds the law, protects many from the impact of wrongdoing, reveals the truth and prevents further wrongdoing. In cultures where whistle-blowing is frowned upon devastating consequences can be visited upon the whistle blower. Trimborn (2012) reveals some of whistle blowing’s negative repercussions. Firstly, it can bring termination of the whistle-blower’s services by the organization. It would be difficult to remain, no matter how justifiable the decision to reveal illegalities and no matter how much the revelations would actually benefit others. Secondly, big-time revelations could bring down the organization causing everyone to lose their jobs. Thirdly, the whistle-blower can get stigmatized as â€Å"disloyal† and be discredited in some way. Fourthly, the organization and sometimes colleagues may exact some form of revenge on the whistle-blower in retribution. Thus, the whistle-blower is somehow blamed for the wrongdoing and fired without an opportunity for vindication. In communities, the whistle-blower and family may be subject to hostile treatment, viewed as acting out of self-interest with a view to gaining advancement at others’ expense. In conclusion, unless culture, practice and the law indicate that it is safe and accepted for whistle-blowers to raise a genuine concern about corruption or illegality, workers will assume that they risk victimisation, losing their job or damaging their career. They even risk being cast out or ostracised by the communities they emanate from. In cultures where a safety net for whistle-blowers exists the whistle-blower is marked as a person of integrity who has the backbone to do what is right no matter what. It lets others know the whistle-blower can be trusted to deal with others honestly. It also limits the effects of intimidation tactics designed to sway whistle-blowers from taking appropriate action where necessary (Young: 2007).

Women Hobbies

Hobbies Preferred By The Women Can you imagine the women walking into each shop in the megamall and try every shoes, clothes, and handbags for 8 hours straight without even feeling tired? Even Haile Gebrselassie, world’s best long-distance runner can’t do that! According to the research done by a group of students from the University of Melbourne, women love to go shopping, grooming, go for a massage or spa, reading, singing, cooking, art &craft and so on. Despite being so passionate about their hobbies, not every woman shares the same hobbies.Although it is regarded as the most favorite’s hobbies, shopping is just one of many hobbies preferred by the women. Shopping is one of the hobbies preferred by the women and is very synonym with women. When I want to talk about shopping, the first thing that will pop out in my head is woman buying things. Although it does sound simple and considered as a light activity, shopping can and will eventually suck out every ounce of your stamina over time and making your legs begging for a massage. However, these creatures from Venus seem not affected by this at all.Most women are so passionate with this hobby till the point where they can eliminate the fatigue just like that even after spending more than 4 hours walking and shopping. Another common hobby shared by most of the women around the world is cooking. Cooking is a wonderful womanly hobby and art that they can enjoy with their loved ones. Women cook for various reasons. Some people just love the taste of good food or they enjoy the time spent cooking together with their love one. While for some women, cooking food has been more than just about feeding one’s body.It is their way to nourish a soul, a relationship, especially with their family members or their loved ones. A hearty meal with family and friends, give them a sense of happiness and appreciation. Sometimes when their family members get into trouble, they will cook, and things someho w seem a little brighter. Most women enjoy reading novels, magazines, newspapers, and also blogs. According to a research made by the popular English newspaper website, www. guardian. co. uk, women enjoy reading as they know how to read properly and with enthusiasm.The new research shows that nearly half of women are avid readers who cannot put a book down once they begin it and who reliably get through a long list of titles in an average year. Women enjoy reading, especially romance novels. It excites them to read the love stories with the unlimited possibilities of what might happen next in the stories. It also gives them a sense of tranquility, a feeling of relaxation when they read. Women also feel that by reading, they are becoming smarter as it helps them in critical thinking skills and the increasing amount of vocabularies.In conclusion, most women usually prefer simple hobbies that are fun and relaxing. Hobbies like shopping, cooking, and reading are widely practiced and enj oyed by many woman although some prefer tougher and more challenging hobbies like mountain climbing, horse-riding, and bungee jumping. Every hobby have their own benefits and it is up to the women to experiment and choose wisely on what they would love to do in order to fill up their time with useful and fun activities.

The Molly Mcguires of Pennsylvania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Molly Mcguires of Pennsylvania - Essay Example Though their life in Ireland was fraught with famine, poverty and arduous labor conditions, life in America was no less hard. At least in Ireland, they were not the subject of bigotry based simply on their heritage, accent or religion. Irish Catholics were thought of as almost sub-human. Two Catholic churches were burned to the ground while occupied in Philadelphia on May 6, 1844 causing 16 people to lose their lives. One of the only places in the country that the Irish were welcomed was in the coal mines of Pennsylvania where the owners of the mines were more than happy to employ those disenfranchised persons of Irish nationality who were desperate enough to take the dirty, dangerous jobs. It was in these Pennsylvania mining camps that the Molly Maguires experienced a rebirth in America. In 1860, following a typical tough day of mining, several Irishmen were heavily drinking and bemoaning the harsh working conditions at their usual location, the Girardville, PA lodge of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, a group established by Irish Catholics (Liljegren, 1964). The Irish working class had a long history of acting violently when they believed that they were being taken advantage of and the addition of being drunk and extremely unhappy served to light the fuse for actions against their oppressors. This is when they reformed the Molly Maguires, a group that had its roots in Ireland during the 1700’s. This very secretive brotherhood was originally formed to exact retribution upon their cruel English landlords who were infamous in their treatment of Irish tenants. The English would actually kill their tenants so that they could raise the rent on new renters. The ‘Mollies,’ as they were commonly called, took this name from such an instance of cruelty. Molly Maguire was an aged widow who was one of the people being evicted from her home by one of these evil